This study examined the effects of gaseous hypochlorous acid (HOCl(g)) exposure on human respiratory tissues using an artificial respiratory tract model. At concentrations between 12–140 ppb, approximately 47.4% of HOCl(g) reached the lung area, with negligible amounts at concentrations below 20.5 ppb. HOCl(g) adsorption on silicone surfaces likely explains its reduction during inhalation. Additionally, exposure to up to 500 ppb HOCl(g) showed no significant cytotoxic effects on human nasal and bronchiolar epithelial cells, indicating its safety at low concentrations.

The COVID-19 pandemic emphasized the risk of airborne pathogen transmission. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Weakly Acidic Hypochlorous Water (WAHW) for air disinfection against bioaerosols of four bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacteria were nebulized into a chamber, exposed to either distilled water (control) or WAHW, and then sampled for bacterial survival rates. WAHW significantly reduced bacterial survival rates (1.65–30.15%). The study confirms WAHW's bactericidal effects but highlights the need for further research on chlorine residues and optimal treatment times in real environments.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a potent disinfectant with broad microbicidal activity, potentially useful for air treatment in preventing and treating infections. This study examined the effects of inhaling air with gaseous HOCl on antioxidant enzyme activity in 110 Wistar Han rats of different ages. Following 4 hours of exposure to HOCl concentrations of 2.0 mg/m3 and 5.0 mg/m3, young rats showed a significant increase in catalase activity, while older rats experienced a dose-dependent decrease. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities increased in all rats, with more pronounced effects at higher HOCl concentrations, especially in older animals.

The food industry has been exploring postharvest microbial control, with slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) emerging as a promising alternative to traditional chlorine-based sanitizers. SAEW offers effective sterilization with lower chlorine residues and environmentally friendly properties, making it increasingly recognized as a solution to challenges in food hygiene.

We undertook an in-use evaluation of a novel hypochlorous acid-based hand hygiene product with in vitro sporicidal efficacy in an NHS Older Persons inpatient ward setting. The novel hand hygiene product was implemented for a trial period of seven weeks commencing in September 2023. Healthcare worker (HCW) hands were sampled before and after direct patient care, and after the application of either an alcohol-based handrub (ABHR) (n=50) or the novel product (n=50). Samples were cultured to quantify the total aerobic count (TAC) and presence or absence of MRSA, ESBLs, CREs, and C. difficile. Trends in weekly observational hand hygiene audit results were reviewed, and a survey of HCW views about the new product undertaken. HCW hands had a significantly greater TAC after ABHR (p=0.01) but not after the novel product (p=0.11) compared with their respective baseline counts. 3% of 100 samples grew MRSA or ESBLs after application of the alcohol-based or novel hand hygiene products. No C. difficile was cultured from healthcare worker hands. There was no significant difference in observed hand hygiene compliance. The majority of HCW surveyed preferred the novel product to the alcohol-based hand hygiene product. The novel hand hygiene product was more effective than ABHR at reducing the TAC on HCW hands. Poor hand hygiene technique may explain the identification of antibiotic-resistant bacteria on staff hands after ABHR or the novel product. We were not able to evaluate sporicidal efficacy since no C. difficile was cultured from hands.

This publication presents the effect of hypochlorous acid dry mist as a disinfectant on selected bacteria, viruses, spores, and fungi as well as on portable Microlife OXY 300 finger pulse oximeters and electronic systems of Raspberry Pi Zero microcomputers. The impact of hypochlorous acid on microbiological agents was assessed at concentrations of 300, 500, and 2000 ppm of HClO. Studies showed that in all variants, there was a decrease in the number of tested microorganisms and no changes in performance parameters of tested medical devices and electronic systems.

Disinfection is a mainstay of infection prevention, the importance of which was highlighted throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. There is frequent misuse of terminology surrounding chlorine solutions in the literature. This leads not only to confusion but has potentially dangerous outcomes, as inappropriate mixing of chlorine solutions with other disinfectants or cleaning solutions can lead to the release of chlorine gas. This article provides a resource for accurate terminology surrounding chlorine-based disinfection and clarifies some of the key inaccuracies, including the pH-dependent nature of chlorine species distribution of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) (neutral/acidic chlorine solution) and hypochlorite (OCl−) (alkaline chlorine solution). Misuse and misunderstanding of chlorine solutions and the terminology used can be harmful therefore this is an essential resource for those utilising chlorine as a disinfectant.

Foodborne transmissible diseases (FTDs) are mainly caused by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Electrolyzed water (EW) is a technology that has the potential for use in the food industry, as it can prevent possible outbreaks of FDTs. Its chemical characteristics can reduce the microbiological contamination of foods, making them safer for consumption. In addition, some studies have indicated a positive influence on the conservation and modification of the structure of foods, as well as on the processes of extracting compounds. EW is a non-thermal treatment, promotes the reduction of chemical residues in food, and does not cause changes in its sensory properties as it is safe for the food handler and the environment. The use of EW has been studied in various foods of plant and animal origin, in addition to surfaces and utensils used in the food industry. However, there are some limitations in its use, such as the decrease in bactericidal activity because of the decrease in the concentration of free chlorine, and the possibility of corrosion of metals. More studies are needed to understand the potential and feasibility of use on an industrial scale, as well as the intrinsic properties (pH and redox potential) of EW. However, this technology has excellent characteristics for use in the food industry aiming at consumer safety and improvement of physical-chemical and technological characteristics in food.

As an environmentally-friendly agent, slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) was introduced in drinking water of newly weaned piglets for diarrhea prevention. In total, 72 piglets were employed and 3% SAEW was added into the normal temperature and warm (30 °C) tap water, respectively, for this 33-day feeding experiment. It was found that the total bacteria and coliforms in the drinking water were reduced by 70% and 100%, respectively, with the addition of 3% SAEW. After SAEW treatment, the average daily water and feed intakes of piglets were increased during the first 16 days, and the diarrhea rate was reduced by 100%, with not one case of diarrhea recorded at the end of the experiment. The microbiome results demonstrated that SAEW decreased the diversity of caecum bacteria with normal tap water supplied, and increased the richness of the caecum bacteria with warm tap water supplied. SAEW also increased the abundance of potentially beneficial genera Sutterella and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 and reduced the abundance of pathogenic Faecalibacterium. Moreover, twelve metabolic functions belonging to the cluster of metabolism and organismal functions, including digestion and the endocrine and excretory systems, were greatly enhanced. Correlation analysis indicated that the influence of intestinal pathogens on water and feed intakes and the diarrhea of piglets were decreased by SAEW. The results suggest that SAEW can be used as an antibiotic substitute to prevent diarrhea in newly weaned piglets.

The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the risk of virus transmission in dental practices through droplet-aerosols. This study found that 100 ppm hypochlorous acid (HOCl) can fully destroy SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and HSV1 within 30 seconds, making it a safe and effective option for use in dental waterlines to protect against virus transmission during procedures.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of electrochemically generated hypochlorous acid (HOCl) against Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus under both clean and soiled conditions. HOCl was produced using a high-purity sodium chloride solution and diluted to 165 mg/L (P165) and 200 mg/L (P200). P165 was highly effective against Salmonella and Staphylococcus under clean conditions, while P200 achieved >99% antimicrobial activity in the presence of 5% serum albumin with a 10-minute contact time. The results suggest that HOCl is a strong candidate for hard surface disinfection, meeting USEPA standards.

This review offers a comprehensive overview of current research on the in vivo applications of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) for infection prevention and control, including naso-pharyngeal, alveolar, topical, and systemic uses, with specific examples related to COVID-19. It also discusses HOCl's biological and chemical properties and its role in the innate immune system to contextualize its therapeutic potential.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a key active species in the chlorination process, with hypochlorite salts like sodium hypochlorite being widely used for over 200 years in disinfection, cleaning, and deodorizing. In the food industry, HOCl's antimicrobial effectiveness is due to its ability to penetrate cell membranes, while the non-volatile hypochlorite ion (OCl–) is effective for cleaning organic soils. This review explores the mechanisms of HOCl as both a liquid and gaseous disinfectant, highlighting its safety and efficacy for controlling microorganisms in indoor spaces.

Droplets and aerosols produced during dental procedures are a risk factor for microbial and viral transmission. Unlike sodium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is nontoxic to tissues but still exhibits broad microbicidal effect. HOCl solution may be applicable as a supplement to water and/or mouthwash. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of HOCl solution on common human oral pathogens and a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate MHV A59 virus, considering the dental practice environment. Methods: HOCl was generated by electrolysis of 3% hydrochloric acid. The effect of HOCl on human oral pathogens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Streptococcus intermedius, Parvimonas micra, and MHV A59 virus was studied from four perspectives: concentration; volume; presence of saliva; and storage. HOCl solution in different conditions was utilized in bactericidal and virucidal assays, and the minimum inhibitory volume ratio that is required to completely inhibit the pathogens was determined. Results: In the absence of saliva, the minimum inhibitory volume ratio of freshly prepared HOCl solution (45–60 ppm) was 4:1 for bacterial suspensions and 6:1 for viral suspensions. The presence of saliva increased the minimum inhibitory volume ratio to 8:1 and 7:1 for bacteria and viruses, respectively. Applying a higher concentration of HOCl solution (220 or 330 ppm) did not lead to a significant decrease in the minimum inhibitory volume ratio against S. intermedius and P. micra. The minimum inhibitory volume ratio increases in applications of HOCl solution via the dental unit water line. One week of storage of HOCl solution degraded HOCl and increased the minimum growth inhibition volume ratio. Conclusions: HOCl solution (45–60 ppm) is still effective against oral pathogens and SAR-CoV-2 surrogate viruses even in the presence of saliva and after passing through the dental unit water line. This study indicates that the HOCl solution can be used as therapeutic water or mouthwash and may ultimately reduce the risk of airborne infection in dental practice.

Disinfection products can have substantial environmental impacts which include associated manufacturing emissions, toxicity to marine life, and potential adverse health outcomes. Despite this, disinfection is under-represented in sustainability approaches. Disinfection is a key part of healthcare provision and as such should be reflected in healthcare sustainability strategies. The adverse environmental effects of several common disinfectants are highlighted here. Sustainable alternative...

This study investigated the variability of indoor gaseous hypochlorous acid (HOCl(g)) concentration during disinfection and its self-decomposition kinetics in a controlled environment. The decay of HOCl(g) was modeled as two simultaneous first-order processes: adsorption onto the surface and self-decomposition in the gas space. The decomposition rate depended on temperature and relative humidity, with the half-life of HOCl(g) estimated between 76.9 and 116 hours, depending on these conditions.

Disinfection is crucial for infection prevention, as emphasized during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but the misuse of terminology regarding chlorine solutions in the literature can lead to confusion and dangerous outcomes, such as the release of chlorine gas from improper mixing. This article aims to clarify accurate terminology related to chlorine-based disinfection, addressing key inaccuracies, including the pH-dependent distribution of chlorine species like hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in neutral/acidic solutions and hypochlorite (OCl-) in alkaline solutions. Proper understanding is essential to prevent harm when using chlorine as a disinfectant.

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) demonstrates strong bactericidal activity and safety compared to other disinfectants, effectively killing Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis at chlorine concentrations above 25 mg/L within 3 minutes. In greenhouse applications, SAEW spray at around 30 mg/L significantly reduces airborne microorganisms without affecting plant growth or soil microorganisms, making it a viable substitute for tap water to enhance humidity and improve photosynthesis.

Maintaining an aseptic environment in assisted reproductive technology (ART) facilities is crucial for the safety of patients, staff, and reproductive cells. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for a disinfectant that effectively reduces airborne pathogens in the egg retrieval procedure room (ERPR) and laboratory without harming gametes and embryos. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), known for its disinfecting properties and safe aerosolized use in healthcare, lacks published data on its safety in ART settings. This study aimed to assess whether aerosolized HOCl is gametotoxic by using the human sperm survival assay (HSSA).

The concentration of the indoor gaseous hypochlorous acid (HOCl(g)) varied significantly during disinfection. The kinetics of self-decomposition of HOCl(g) was studied at temperatures within the range of 10℃ to 40℃ and relative humidity between 30% RH and 90% RH in a lab-scale confined polyvinylidene fluoride gas bag space. The decay curve of HOCl(g), obtained by plotting the logarithm of the HOCl(g) concentration against time, was analyzed using an integrated model that showed two simultaneous first-order processes. One process was assumed to be the adsorption of HOCl(g) onto the gas bag surface, whereas the other was the self-decomposition of HOCl(g) in the gas space. The decay curve is reduced to the sum of two independent and simultaneous first-order processes. The decay rate constant for self-decomposition depended on temperature and relative humidity. The half-life time of HOCl(g) was estimated to be between 76.9 h and 116 h depending on the temperature and relative humidity conditions.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a shortage of disinfectant alcohol (DA) in Japan, prompting the investigation of hypochlorous acid (HA) as an alternative. HA is a safe, economical disinfectant with a broad antibacterial spectrum and low risk of hand irritation. This study found that HA and sodium hypochlorite degrade over time, with faster degradation under higher temperatures and lighting. HA was effective at 200 ppm, but caused more rust on dental steel burs compared to DA. The findings suggest that freshly generated high-concentration HA could be a viable alternative to DA, with careful consideration of material compatibility in clinical settings.

The EWASH trial compares hypochlorous acid and sodium hypochlorite as disinfectants in low-resourced Nigerian hospitals. The study assesses the effectiveness, safety, and practicality of these disinfectants, particularly in the context of hospital-acquired infection control. Results indicate that hypochlorous acid is a superior option, offering better disinfection outcomes and improved safety for hospital use, which is critical for enhancing infection control practices in low-resourced settings.

Environmental hygiene in hospitals is a significant challenge, particularly in low-resourced hospitals in African countries, which commonly use sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as a disinfectant. NaOCl has limitations such as the need for daily dilution, irritation, and corrosion. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a safer alternative produced by saline electrolysis. A study in two Abuja, Nigeria hospitals assessed HOCl's non-inferiority to NaOCl using a double-blind multi-period randomised cross-over study. Both disinfectants achieved high microbiological cleanliness (84.8% for HOCl, 87.3% for NaOCl), with no significant difference between them. HOCl, with its better safety profile and broader applicability, is a promising, cost-efficient alternative to NaOCl in low-resource settings.

This study explored the potential of using vaporized hypochlorous acid (HOCl) for disinfecting indoor air to reduce pathogen transmission, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Current indoor safety measures offer limited protection, making alternative solutions like HOCl aerosolization crucial. The research demonstrated that vaporized HOCl effectively disinfects airborne bacterial surrogates for viruses, including enveloped coronaviruses, in lab chambers. The results confirm that HOCl can safely and effectively purify indoor air without causing irritation, offering a promising method for infection control in populated spaces.

This study explores the effect of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) on meibomian gland dysfunction dry eye through ultrasonic atomization. Results showed significant improvements in OSDI, Schirmer’s test, TBUT, conjunctival and corneal staining, and reduction in Demodex mites and inflammatory markers (MMP-9 and IL-2). HOCl acts by reducing inflammation and shortening the survival time of Demodex mites, with ultrasonic atomization enhancing drug usage.

Conventional chemical disinfectants used for egg disinfection could result in toxic residue and endanger hatchability, chick quality, and pullet growth performance. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) is known as a novel disinfectant for egg sterilization due to its high efficiency and no residue. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of slightly acidic electrolyzed water and benzalkonium bromide solution (BBS) used in the disinfection channel was conducted to assess the microbial count, eggshell quality, and hatchability concomitantly. The results show that the sterilization efficiency of SAEW increased with an increase in available chlorine concentration (ACC), spraying volume, and sterilization duration. SAEW with an ACC of 150 mg/L and 10,000 mg/L benzalkonium bromide solution had the same sterilization rates of approximately 86.2% at a spraying volume of 0.5 mL/egg and sterilization duration of 180 s. Neither had significant effect on eggshell strength or thickness. The eggshell cuticle quality in the benzalkonium bromide group was significantly higher than the control group (no disinfection) and the 150 mg/L SAEW group. The embryo weight, relative embryo weight, hatchability, and embryonic mortality in the SAEW group had no significant differences of those in the benzalkonium bromide group. SAEW should be more popular because of its simple preparation, low cost, and no residue. Our results indicate SAEW is an alternative disinfectant for the sterilization of hatching eggs instead of conventional chemical disinfectants, such as benzalkonium bromide, and give a recommendation is using SAEW as a disinfectant with 150 mg/L ACC, 0.5 mL/egg spray volume, and disinfection for 180 s in the novel disinfection channel.

This study highlights the effectiveness of nebulized hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in preventing virus and bacteria growth on various surfaces, with 300 ppm proving safe for skin and lung tissues. HOCl showed 69% bactericidal effectiveness on semi-porous surfaces and 96–99.9% on flat and porous surfaces, making it a strong candidate for indoor sanitization.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demand for effective disinfectants. This study focused on the effectiveness of fogged hypochlorous acid (HOCl) against Enterococcus faecalis and H1N1 influenza virus. Three HOCl solutions were tested: a commercial solution (EcoLogic) and two homemade solutions (EcoloxTech Eco One and RIPPO Sprayer). Results showed that fogging with the EcoLogic solution achieved significant log reductions in both pathogens after 5 minutes. The Eco One solution was effective but required more time, while the RIPPO solution was less effective. The study highlights that factors like fogging duration and solution pH significantly impact the effectiveness of HOCl as a fogged disinfectant.

Evidence is emerging of the beneficial effects of inhaling microaerosolized hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as an intervention in the prevention and treatment of respiratory virus infections, including SARS CoV-2. However, little information is available about the effects of inhalation of homogenous HOCl solutions in normal human subjects or in experimental animals. In this report we establish through independent laboratories that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is rapidly inactivated by exposure to HOCl. Inhalation of an aerosolized form of the same HOCl solution by rodents, in accordance with a US-EPA acute 4-hour inhalation toxicity protocol, then provided observational, gross pathological, and histopathological evidence that their pulmonary exposure did not result in any difference when compared to control animals. During the pandemic lockdown, subjective impressions of exposure to aerosolized HOCl were submitted as self-reported responses by employees of a machine-tool shop located in Tacoma, Washington, about 35 miles from Seattle. At that location exposure to HOCl was adopted by a subset of employees as a routine for entry into the facilities. Under short-term, controlled conditions those individuals breathed HOCl misted from a reservoir containing 180 ppm free active chlorine (FAC). Their reports were used to arrive at inferences regarding the effects of exposure. Chemical and antimicrobial characterizations of the aerosols used for these exposures were also performed. Results are discussed in relation to (1) published accounts of HOCl preparations and their effects on respiratory viruses, including rhinoviruses and coronaviruses, and (2) the potential for rational intervention in infections arising from aerosolized pathogens, including the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, using inhalation as a method for administration of HOCl.

This trial investigates the efficacy of hypochlorous acid wound solution and prescribed exercise regimen on healing venous leg ulcers, comparing it with usual care and placebo.

This study demonstrates the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by mouthwashes containing stabilised hypochlorous acid, achieving a 4.1 to 5.5 log10 reduction in viral titre after 1-minute treatment.

This trial investigates the efficacy of hypochlorous acid wound solution and prescribed exercise regimen on healing venous leg ulcers, comparing it with usual care and placebo.

This work is part of a project on the development of a smart prefabricated sanitising chamber (SPSC) to provide extra measures against the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Stabilised hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an approved disinfectant against SARS-CoV-2 by the Environmental Protection Association US in its liquid form on non-porous surfaces. This review is extended to cover its viricidal/bactericidal efficacy in aerosolised or sprayed form which showed an effective dose of as low as 20 ppm and the exposure duration of at least 60 s. The aerosolised application was also recommended with particle size of less than 200 μm to increase the contact with pathogens. The review also includes the safety and toxicity of HOCl with different concentrations. The review calls for more investigations into the effect of HOCl in mist and fog form on the respiratory system when transitioning through the proposed SPSC.

This study demonstrates the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by mouthwashes containing stabilised hypochlorous acid, achieving a 4.1 to 5.5 log10 reduction in viral titre after 1-minute treatment.

This review examines the production methods of electrolyzed water (EW), focusing on factors that influence its efficiency and optimization. It discusses the impact of water and electrolyte properties, electrode materials, current, storage, and application on EW production. Additionally, the study explores commercial generators, their specifications, and emerging challenges, while offering future recommendations for improving EW production and efficiency. The review covers literature from 2000 to 2020 to provide insights for enhancing the stability and effectiveness of EW in various applications.

AOS2020, a sprayable solution containing hypochlorous acid, shows >99.8% virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro within 1 minute, with a good safety profile on nasal and oral mucosa.

AOS2020, a sprayable solution containing hypochlorous acid, shows >99.8% virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro within 1 minute, with a good safety profile on nasal and oral mucosa.

Sanitization is crucial in daily life, especially for hands and surfaces, but the face often remains unsanitized due to a lack of suitable products. Masks help reduce pathogen spread, but the face can still harbor microbes, increasing the risk of respiratory infections. HOCl, with proven antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, including effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2, could serve as an effective facial sanitiser. Regular use of HOCl on the face and mask could reduce microbial contamination, biofilm formation, and the risk of infections, making it an ideal addition to personal protective measures.

Currently, electrolyzed water, a sustainable and environmentally friendly disinfectant produced through electrolysis of an acid or salt, has become very popular because of its applications in various sectors such as health, agriculture, and food. Influencing factors are important for optimizing the electrolyzed water production process and maximizing application efficiency. Factors that influence the production and efficiency of electrolyzed water, including water and electrolyte properties, electrode material, current, storage, and application factors, were reviewed in this study. Moreover, some commercially available generator models, their specifications, and issues are discussed along with future recommendations. This work summarizes the available literature from January 2000 to December 2020, reporting studies that can assist in understanding various parameters affecting the production and stability of electrolyzed water. This can provide further insights and aid researchers in optimizing the process and address the issues faced by the existing systems by offering new perspectives in future studies.

This study evaluates wound healing in diabetic mice using weakly acidic hypochlorous acid combined with silver nanoparticles, showing significant enhancement in healing and reduction in bacterial counts.

The article discusses the prophylactic measures in ophthalmology against COVID-19, emphasizing the use of hypochlorous acid as an effective disinfectant.

The study compares the antimicrobial efficacy of a stable hypochlorous acid formula with other antiseptics on wounds, showing high efficacy against various microorganisms, including those with biofilm.

This study focused on the sterilizing effect of hypochlorous acid water processed from mineral water as a countermeasure against coronavirus. The effectiveness of hypochlorite water treatment in sterilizing the water was demonstrated.

This study evaluates wound healing in diabetic mice using weakly acidic hypochlorous acid combined with silver nanoparticles, showing significant enhancement in healing and reduction in bacterial counts.

Surfaces play a major role in the transmission of pathogens in the healthcare environment. Manual terminal cleaning efficacy in this environment can be highly variable due to differences in training, compliance, and room layout, among other inherent complexities. Whole-room, no-touch disinfection systems have been shown to reduce microbial loads in the environment. When used in tandem with manual disinfection protocols, disinfection efficacy may be further increased. Methods: Bacterial tracers were seeded onto 12 surfaces, both high- and low-touch, in a hospital room. Following seeding, 2 disinfection methods were evaluated; manual terminal cleaning alone, and manual terminal cleaning in tandem with a whole-room, hypochlorous acid atomizing disinfection system. Surfaces were sampled pre- and post-disinfection. Each cleaning method was repeated a total of 4 times on separate days, for a total of 48 observations per method. Seeded trials were further used to determine cross-contamination potentials during cleaning practices. Labor efficiency of each method was also evaluated. Results: Manual terminal cleaning alone achieved, on average, a 2.4 log (99.6%) reduction. In comparison, tandem terminal cleaning achieved a 4.9 log (99.9987%) reduction on average. Cross-contamination (i.e., transfer of organisms from seeded to an uncontaminated surface during cleaning) was observed in 50% of the surfaces for manual terminal cleaning whereas in tandem 0% was observed. Tandem cleaning also resulted in a 64% decrease in the time spent manual cleaning of the rooms. Conclusions: Whole-room atomized disinfection used in tandem with manual terminal cleaning protocols improved disinfection outcomes, minimized the effects of cross-contamination observed during cleaning practices, and lowered manual labor times.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) water, developed in Japan in 1987, is known for its antimicrobial properties and is now used globally in public health and agriculture. A new non-electrolytic method, hydrogen-mineral HOCl (HM-HOCl), offers easier production, longer-lasting concentration, and safer handling. HM-HOCl has shown effectiveness in organic farming, aquaculture, and livestock breeding, with successful results in reducing odors, preventing diseases, and improving poultry growth. This innovative disinfectant is gaining popularity in Korea and has potential for wider agricultural use in sustainable development.

The survival of living organisms relies on essential chemicals obtained through food, water, and air, with water being crucial for many biochemical reactions. Neutrophils produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as a defense mechanism, which has strong antimicrobial properties. HOCl, also artificially produced via electrolysis of water and NaCl, is effective for cleaning and disinfection, especially at pH 3-6. It denatures proteins and neutralizes viruses, including COVID-19. Due to its effectiveness, HOCl is expected to have broader applications, particularly in the medical sector.

This article reviews the evidence supporting the use of hypochlorous acid as an inexpensive, nontoxic, and effective disinfectant for daily use in surgical office settings against COVID-19. A literature review across various industries shows that hypochlorous acid is highly reliable for disinfecting against the COVID-19 virus.

This article discusses the successful use of hypochlorous acid lavage for treating infected cavity wounds, particularly in immunocompromised patients.

The study describes a novel electrochemical scaffold generating hypochlorous acid for treating wound biofilms, showing significant antimicrobial efficacy without damaging host tissue.

This review discusses the clinical relevance, modes of action, and outcomes of studies on topical hypochlorous acid formulations, highlighting its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.

The study evaluates the efficacy of a stabilized hypochlorous acid solution in managing Ralstonia pickettii biofilms on silicone breast implants, showing promising preliminary results.

This study confirmed the antipruritic and anti-inflammatory effects of hypochlorous acid in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis, showing significant reduction in lesions and scratching behavior.

This study evaluates the efficacy of a hypochlorous acid hygiene solution in destroying biofilms formed by ocular clinical bacterial isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Lab-scale experiments showed that spraying acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) reduced particulate matter in hen houses but increased ammonia emissions, suggesting a balance is needed for optimal results.

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) spray was optimized to reduce airborne bacteria in animal housing, showing effective bacterial reduction.

Slightly acidic hypochlorous acid water (SAHW) effectively inactivated Escherichia coli and Salmonella Infantis on various surfaces, demonstrating potential for poultry industry biosecurity.

Electrolyzed water (EW) was effective in cleaning and disinfecting stainless steel surfaces, commonly used in the dairy industry, against various bacteria.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solutions showed virucidal activity against avian influenza virus (AIV), suggesting potential for farm-level disinfection.

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water showed effective antimicrobial activity on fresh produce, reducing microbial populations significantly.

Electrolyzed oxidizing water effectively reduced microbial contamination on various fresh produce items.

Electrolyzed water was effective in reducing microbial populations and maintaining the quality of fresh-cut vegetables.

The study investigated ammonia stripping using an electrolyzed water system (EWS) for pretreatment of thermally hydrolyzed wasted sludge, resulting in improved methane yield and ammonium removal efficiency.

Neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water effectively detoxified aflatoxin-contaminated maize, reducing cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.

Electrolyzed oxidizing water inhibited enzymatic browning and maintained higher phenolic acids and flavonoids in Chinese yam.

Slightly acidic hypochlorous acid water (SAHW) was effective in aerosol form for disinfecting Newcastle disease virus in air.

Electrolyzed water effectively maintained the quality and extended the shelf life of fresh-cut lettuce.

Electrolyzed water was evaluated for its effectiveness in reducing microbial contamination on fresh produce.

Electrolyzed water extended the shelf life and maintained the quality of various fresh produce items.

SAEW treatment effectively reduced microbial populations and maintained quality of fresh-cut cilantro.

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water effectively reduced microbial contamination on various fresh produce items.

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water was effective in reducing pathogens on various fresh produce items.

EOW was effective in disinfecting alfalfa sprouts, significantly reducing E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella populations.

Electrolyzed water demonstrated potential as a sanitation agent for fresh produce by reducing microbial loads.

Electrolyzed water was effective in reducing foodborne pathogens on fresh fruits and vegetables.

Electrolyzed water improved the safety and extended the shelf life of fresh produce.

Electrolyzed water showed comparable sanitizing efficacy to chlorinated water for inactivating pathogens on fresh produce.

Electrolyzed water enhanced the safety and extended the shelf life of fresh produce.

Electrolyzed water demonstrated effective disinfection capabilities, reducing microbial contamination on fresh produce.

Electrolyzed water was effective as a disinfectant, significantly reducing microbial contamination on fresh produce.

Thermosonication and SAEW reduced E. coli, Listeria, and spoilage microorganisms on fresh-cut kale.

Electrolyzed water improved the microbial safety and extended the shelf life of various fruits and vegetables.

Electrolyzed water enhanced the microbial quality and extended the shelf life of various fresh fruits and vegetables.

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water was effective in disinfecting fresh fruits and vegetables, significantly reducing microbial populations.

Electrolyzed water showed comparable efficacy to traditional sanitizers for decontaminating fresh produce.

Electrolyzed water was evaluated for its disinfection efficacy on fresh fruits and vegetables, showing promising results.

Electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) significantly reduced spoilage microorganisms on lettuce while maintaining its quality.

Electrolyzed water improved the microbial quality and extended the shelf life of various fresh fruits and vegetables.

Electrolyzed water improved the microbial quality and extended the shelf life of strawberries.

A lab-scale spray scrubber using electrolyzed water effectively removed ammonia from air in animal feeding operations.

Electrolyzed water showed significant suppression of microorganisms in postharvest citrus without chlorine generation.

Electrolyzed water effectively reduced E. coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on fresh-cut bell peppers.

Electrolyzed water showed comparable efficacy to conventional sanitizers for disinfecting fresh produce.

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) spray effectively reduced airborne particulate matter and culturable bacteria in an experimental aviary chamber.

Membraneless acidic electrolyzed water (MLAEW) was effective in reducing airborne bacteria in poultry houses despite chlorine loss during spraying.

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water demonstrated antimicrobial effects on bacteria in chicken houses.

Electrolyzed water was effective in reducing airborne pathogens in livestock housing environments.

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water spray effectively reduced airborne bacteria in a layer breeding house.

SAEW was effective in reducing airborne microorganisms in a commercial layer breeding house.

Electrolyzed water was effective in enhancing biosecurity measures in poultry houses by reducing bacterial contamination.

Electrolyzed water showed potential as a disinfectant for livestock housing, effectively reducing microbial loads.

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water effectively reduced microbial contamination in broiler houses, improving biosecurity.

Electrolyzed water was effective in inactivating avian influenza virus on various surfaces, providing a potential disinfection method for poultry farms.

Electrolyzed water was effective in reducing bacterial contamination in livestock drinking water systems, promoting animal health.

Electrolyzed water was effective in reducing microbial contamination on poultry carcasses, enhancing food safety.

Electrolyzed water showed efficacy as a disinfectant for livestock housing, reducing microbial loads and improving biosecurity.

Electrolyzed water was effective in reducing microbial contamination in poultry processing plants, improving overall hygiene.

Electrolyzed water was evaluated as a sanitizing agent for poultry houses and was found to significantly reduce bacterial contamination.

Electrolyzed water improved hygiene in livestock housing by effectively reducing microbial loads on various surfaces.

This study examined the disinfection of drinking water by in-line electrolysis, highlighting the production of active chlorine and the formation of inorganic disinfection by-products.

Electrolyzed water was effective in cleaning and disinfecting livestock housing facilities, reducing microbial contamination.

Electrolyzed water was effective in inactivating avian influenza virus, demonstrating potential for use in poultry farms.

Electrolyzed water was evaluated and found to be effective for disinfection in broiler houses, reducing bacterial contamination.

Electrolyzed water showed strong antimicrobial efficacy in various livestock environments, promoting improved biosecurity.

The study evaluated the potential of electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water for controlling E. coli O157:H7 in water for livestock, considering various factors affecting its efficacy.

The electrolytic process for in situ generation of hypochlorous acid was studied for treating textile wastewater, effectively removing color and reducing COD values.

The disinfection potential of electrolyzed sodium chloride solutions was examined, showing efficacy against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV in vitro.

The document discusses the use of hypochlorous acid gas for air purification, with research dating back to 1918, particularly during the influenza epidemic. Early experiments involved using hypochlorite solutions in humidifiers and spraying rooms to reduce airborne bacteria. The work continued scientifically through the years, with various methods and results, including stability and persistence of hypochlorite solutions, as well as practical applications for air purification.